Свирида И. И. Метаморфозы в пространстве культуры. М., 2009.

Способность к метаморфозам – универсальное свойство культуры, позволяющее интеллектуально и практически преображать мир. В книге в избранных аспектах рассмотрены метаморфозы пространства, природы, человека, типа культурной эпохи. Ряд глав построен в ретроспективном плане. Однако основное место отдано эпохе Просвещения, которая охарактеризована в качестве культуры открытого типа, театрализованной, склонной к историзму, феминизации, эзотерике и культу садов. Их изменчивому пространству, образу и функциям уделено особое внимание. Они анализируются в контексте взаимоотношений натуры и культуры, сакрального и светского, города и сада, показаны как пространственная среда, формирующая модель мира и человека. Сам же он выступает как человек «естественный» и «играющий», «социальный» и «эстетический», а также на экзистенциальном пограничье человек/нечеловек.

Содержание

Введение. О метаморфозах и других сюжетах книги

Раздел I. ПРОСТРАНСТВО; ПРИРОДА; КУЛЬТУРА

Глава 1. Пространство в культуре — культура в пространстве

Глава 2. Натура и культура

Глава 3. Ландшафты природы и культуры

Раздел II. САД И ЕГО МИФОЛОГЕМЫ

Глава 1. Между sacrum и profanum: топос сада

Глава 2. Природа и сад в русском сознании: от игумена Даниила до Карамзина

Глава 3. Город и сад: между антитезой и синтезом

Глава 4. Метаморфозы естественного сада: от Просвещения к романтизму и бидермейеру

Глава 5. Аркадия пелопонесская и Аркадия радзивилловская

Раздел III. ЧЕЛОВЕК: МИФ; МОДЕЛЬ; ОБРАЗ

Глава 1. Человек/нечеловек в искусстве: о границах бытия

Глава 2. «Человек естественный» и «человек играющий» в садовом пространстве

Глава 3. Принц эпохи Просвещения: Шарль Жозеф де Линь

Раздел IV. ЛИКИ ЭПОХИ: ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ

Глава 1. Просвещение как открытый тип культуры: casus polonicum

Глава 2. История и искусство в культуре польского Просвещения

Глава 3. Театрализация как синтезирующая форма культуры XVIII в.

Глава 4. Феминизированный век философов

Глава 5. Универсализм и эзотерика эпохи Просвещения: масонский подтекст дворцово-парковых ансамблей Речи Посполитой

Принятые сокращения

Примечания

Именной указатель

Table of contents

 

The notion of metamorphosis featuring in the title of the book is not just a metaphor – it denotes the transfiguration of meanings, images, forms and functions, which realize in culture. The ability to produce metamorphoses is shown as their general property. Metamorphosis and tradition are the two foundations which determine the essence of culture, its actual state and position between the past and the future. Any phenomenon functioning in the space of culture can be described from the viewpoint of metamorphosis. Culture rejects stub track situations, which have made metamorphoses impossible. Artistic images verbalized in literary works or embodied in sculpture and architecture do not finish their metamorphoses there: they continue in the recipient's consciousness, and this process can go on endlessly. Culture also subjects space to metamorphoses, creating its new artistic images and academic concepts, which change both the model and the concrete picture of the world. In four separate parts of the book the less conventional sequence of topics – space, garden, personality model, type of epoch – has allowed to demonstrate, in selected aspects, the universality of the metamorphoses.

Table of contents

Introduction. ON THE METAMORPHOSES OF CULTURE and OTHER SUBJECTS IN THE BOOK

Part I. SPACE, NATURE, CULTURE

Chapter 1. SPACE IN THE TEXTS OF CULTURE – CULTURE IN THE SPACE OF ITS BEING

Textualization of space: a little historiography of the question

The space of culture's being

Man and space of the culture

Semantization of space

The loci of the "text-creating world"

The mutual positioning of cultures

Chapter 2. NATURE AND CULTURE

Man and nature

What is nature?

Between the artificial and the natural

Attempting to approach culture and nature

Chapter 3. LANDSCAPES OF NATURE and CULTURE

Anthropization and anthropomorphization

Cultural landscape and culture as landscape

Semantic of landscape in the context of epochs

From natural landscape to landscape of skill

The fourth measurement. Ruins

Motion in the landscape

The interrelation of geography and history of the culture

Part II. THE GARDEN and ITS MYTHOLOGEMS

Chapter 1. BETWEEN SACRUM and PROFANUM: THE TOPOS OF THE GARDEN

Garden, real and mental

Hortus conclusus

The existential and the archetypal

Paradise Garden: benefit moral and practical

Locus amoenus

Garden Pantheon

Chapter 2. NATURE and THE GARDEN IN RUSSIAN CONSCIENCE: FROM FATHER DANIEL TO KARAMZIN

The sacralized landscape of the Orthodox pilgrim

From hortus conclusus to the jardin de plaisance

The term garden

The first Russians in the gardens of Europe

The loci of the landscape: Forest. Mountains. Sea

From the shelter of dryads to native nature

Chapter 3. CITY and GARDEN: BETWEEN ANTITHESIS and SYNTHESIS

Sacred sources of the two loci

City and garden in the Renaissance. Villa

The Ideal City Fortress

The city and the garden of Utopias

Labyrinth as a figure of the city and the garden

Versailles: the garden-city of the Baroque

The public garden in the city of the modern era

The garden-city of the twentieth century

Chapter 4. METAMORPHOSES OF THE LANDSCAPE GARDEN: THE ENLIGHTENMENT, ROMANTICISM AND BIEDERMEIER

The garden and the concept of naturalness

Garden polemics and searches for origins

Regularity and picturesque

The polystylism of the epoch: Classicism and Rococo

Romance and the Romantic

Naturalness through the eyes of the Romantic

"Minor romantics" or the Biedermeier

Chapter 5. PELOPONNESE ARCADIA and HELEN RADZIVILL'S 'ARCADIA'

The gardens of life, death and love

Et in Arcadia ego

P.S.

Part III. MAN: MYTH, MODEL, IMAGE

Chapter 1. THE IMAGE OF MAN IN ART: HUMAN/NONHUMAN: ON THE EDGE OF EXISTENCE

Antropomorphization. Personification. Allegory

Identity

Sacralization

The likeness to life

Idealization

Face and body

Mythologization and costume-making

The living/the dead

Chapter 2. "HOMO NATURAL1S" and "HOMO LUDENS" IN THE GARDEN

In search of himself

The Unnaturalness of the "home naturalis"

Ideal owner

Naturalness, utopianism, theatricality

Play and illusion

Line of business

Man on the garden stage

Chapter 3. THE PRINCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT: CHARLES JOSEPH DE LIGNE

Prince of Europe

Besoin de voyager

Garden writings and impressions

The Crimea

In context of the epoch

The taste

Part IV. FACES OF THE EPOCH: THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Chapter 1. ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN OPEN TYPE OF CULTURE: CASUS POLONICUM

Between the Enlightenment and Sarmatianism

"Public use of reason"

Popular forms and the genres of skill

"Sensible conversation" and the living word

Chapter 2. HISTORY and ART IN THE POLISH ENLIGHTENMENT

History in culture

In search of the spirit of history

Historical painting, didactics and the document

A Political and national idea

Chapter 3. THEATRICALITY AS A SYNTHESIZING FORM OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CULTURE

Paths towards synthesis

Theatricality, theatralization and the epoch

Rococo and stylistic pluralism

Theatre as such and theatralization

Theatre among the arts

Theatre and the garden

Theatre and the lifestyle

Chapter 4. THE FEMINIZED CENTURY OF PHILOSOPHERS

In the paradigm of the Enlightenment

Russian contrasts

Education and femininity

Woman as an addressee and inspirer

Feminized Eros

Chapter 5. UNIVERSALISM and ESOTERIC1SM OF THE EPOCH OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT: MASONIC SUBTEXT OF THE PALACES and GARDENS OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH

Enlightenment and Freemasonry

Freemasons, architecture and gardens

In the Freemason circle of Vilno

Werki of Wawrzyniec Gucewicz through the eyes of the Freemason

«Circul de Ligne»

The Great and the Guest Palaces

Tserklishki and the heathen sources

Translated by A. Novikova